BMJ 2023; 381 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1119 (Published 16 May 2023)
Rapid Response:
Re: Why spend billions on hospital beds when you can care for patients at home?
Dear Editor
At the start of her enthusiastic account of the World Hospital at Home (HaH) Congress, Tessa Richards poses the question: ‘Why spend billions on hospital beds when you can care for patients at home?’ implying that HaH would save billions of pounds. Not surprisingly, this meeting attracted enthusiasts, but there are many reasons for being cautious about seeing ‘virtual wards’ as a way out of our current crisis in healthcare. To quote the article: “Skilled (mostly) nurses and paramedics, provide hands on care in patients’ homes…….teams work alongside the patient’s carers and supports them to be active team members”. If this is really about providing hospital level care at home (but without the economies of scale), will it really be cheaper? In making carers ‘active team members’, how much of the burden of care falls to them and what do they think about it? What if you don’t have friends or relatives to act as carers? What happens when remote monitoring shows you are deteriorating in the middle of the night? Most challenging of all, where will the team members actually come from given the NHS is in the midst of its worst staffing problems ever? (1).
Although the article states that HaH services generally deliver as good or better outcomes than inpatient care, the systematic review on which these claims are based (2) speaks otherwise. Conclusions about outcomes were limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous measurement tools in the primary studies. The authors state that for both Admission Avoidance and Early Supported Discharge models, several outcomes and process indicators still require further clarification, including caregiver outcomes, cost-effectiveness and clinical complications! Note too, that just as with the World HaH Congress, the views of patients and public were not part of this research evaluation.
No doubt some patients could benefit from virtual wards, selection being critical. NHS England wants 40 virtual beds/100,000 population by December 2023. Jeremy Hunt claimed misleadingly in a radio interview that this was equivalent to seven new district hospitals (‘virtual hospitals’ perhaps, as in the unrealised New Hospitals Building Programme?)(3). Guidance from NHS England clearly sees virtual wards as a great opportunity for the private sector (4) but does not include a clear definition of what virtual wards are for, what they can and cannot be expected to achieve, minimum investment required in terms of staff (including necessary skill mix) and equipment required (5). £450m is being provided but only for the first two years, and initial funding works out as only around £1.5m per acute trust. Other than a lucrative opportunity for the independent health tech sector, it is inconceivable that virtual wards could make up for the additional 13,000 beds called for by the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (6).
Too many people believe that technical ‘solutions’ offer a simple answer to chronic underinvestment (7,8). HaH similarly pushes technology, but is also dependent on community staff who currently are just not there. The Japanese invented an experimental nursing-care robot from which we all might learn: their real-life abilities trailed far behind the expectations shaped by their hyped-up image, ending with them being locked away in a cupboard (9). For the tech enthusiasts, the words of Iona Heath are apposite: “Care happens in the space between people, in an unhurried encounter. Only humans in interaction can care” (7).
References
1. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jul/25/worst-nhs-staffing-crisi…
2. Leong MQ, Lim CW, Lai YF. Comparison of Hospital-at-Home models: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2021;11:e043285. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043285. pmid: 33514582
3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65607962
4. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/B1382_supporting-i…
5. https://lowdownnhs.info/news/push-for-virtual-wards-an-opportunity-for-t…
6. https://rcem.ac.uk/new-report-shows-13000-staffed-beds-required-across-t…
7. Heath I, Montori VM. Responding to the crisis of care. BMJ 2023;380:p464
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p464
8. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/may/22/digital-nhs-techno…
9. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/27/robear-bear-shaped-nu…
Competing interests: I am co-chair of Keep Our NHS Public
23 May 2023
John Puntis
retired consultant paediatrician
Leeds